摘 要:安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏儲(chǔ)層低孔、致密,氣水交織,含水飽和度高,油氣分布不受構(gòu)造與海拔控制,氣井普遍產(chǎn)凝析油,平均生產(chǎn)油氣比1489/m3,為四川盆地凝析油含量最高的非常規(guī)凝析氣藏。采用常規(guī)凝析氣藏研究手段已無(wú)法正確確定氣藏類型和準(zhǔn)確評(píng)價(jià)氣藏相態(tài)特征。為此,建立了高壓物性實(shí)驗(yàn)、常規(guī)凝析氣藏類型判別與生產(chǎn)靜動(dòng)態(tài)特征相結(jié)合的氣藏類型判別方法,據(jù)此判定該氣藏為局部帶“油墊”的飽和凝析氣藏;運(yùn)用相態(tài)恢復(fù)理論準(zhǔn)確地模擬了該氣藏的流體特征,計(jì)算得到氣藏平均凝析油含量高達(dá)249g/m3,所預(yù)測(cè)的凝析油產(chǎn)量與實(shí)際相吻合。進(jìn)而提出了提高凝析油采收率的相應(yīng)開(kāi)發(fā)措施,在考慮注入成本以及后期處理等因素后,建議單井采用“先衰竭后干氣吞吐”的開(kāi)采方式。針對(duì)安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏相態(tài)特征的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究方法,對(duì)類似非常規(guī)砂巖凝析氣藏相態(tài)特征的研究具有指導(dǎo)意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:凝析油氣田 晚三疊世 致密砂巖 氣藏類型 相態(tài)特征 相態(tài)恢復(fù) 油墊 四川盆地 中
A new understanding of the phase behavior of gas reservoirs in the 2nd member of the Xujiahe Formation
in the Anyue Block,Sichuan Basin
Abstract:The gas reservoirs in the 2nd member of the Xuj iahe Formation of the Anyue Block,Sichuan Basin,are featured by low poroslty,high tightness,gas/water co-existence,high water saturation,and the oil/gas distribution free from structural&altitudinal limitations.Local gas wells with condensate oil commonly produced and the average oil-gas rate of l48g/m3 are thereby known as the most productive unconventional condensate gas wells in the Sichuan Basin.Such conventional methods are inadequate to correctly identify the said condensate reservoir and accurately assess its phase behavior.Thus,in combination with high-pressure physical property testing and statm/dynamic performance analysis,a new gas reservoir type identification method was thus developed.With this new method,the condensate gas reservoirs in this study area were identified as such a type partially underlain by oil rims.Then,the phase recovery theory was adopted to simulate the fluid characteristics of such reservoirs,the average condensate content of which were calculated to be up to 249g/m3,a figure later proved to be approximate to the actual valuej Finally,pertinent development techniques were proposed to enhance the condensate recovery.A recovery technology termed as“depletion followed by dry gas re-lnjection”was suggested for enhancing the single well production when the re-injection cost,post-processing and。ther factors were taken into account.This study is of significance as a reference to research on the phase behavior of similar unconventional sandstone condensate gas reservoirs.
Key words:condensate gas well,Late Triassic,tight sandstone,gas reservoir,phase behavior,phase recovery,oil rim,Sichuan Basin
1 凝析氣藏概況
四川盆地安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏位于川中古隆中斜平緩構(gòu)造帶,屬于低孔(平均孔隙度8.32%)、致密(巖心覆壓滲透率在0.03~0.1mD之間)、高含水飽和度(巖心平均含水飽和度為67%)非常規(guī)碎屑巖氣藏。該氣藏氣井普遍產(chǎn)凝析油,部分井產(chǎn)原油,氣井生產(chǎn)油氣比和流體相態(tài)特征分布無(wú)明顯規(guī)律性,產(chǎn)原油井位置、層段與構(gòu)造和海拔無(wú)關(guān),不存在明顯的油氣界面。常規(guī)相態(tài)特征研究方法判斷該氣藏為帶“油環(huán)”的飽和凝析氣藏,但實(shí)鉆資料和生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)未表現(xiàn)出帶“油環(huán)”的飽和凝析氣藏特征,處于同一構(gòu)造部位和海拔高度的井,部分井產(chǎn)原油(如Yl06、Y53-X2、Yll8等),部分井不產(chǎn)原油(如Yl03)(圖1)。因此,需要對(duì)該氣藏相態(tài)特征和氣藏類型開(kāi)展深入研究,搞清氣藏類型,明確凝析油含量,為該氣藏合理開(kāi)發(fā)方式的選擇和油氣產(chǎn)量預(yù)測(cè)提供依據(jù)[1],同時(shí)為類似氣藏的研究提供借鑒。
2 飽和凝析氣藏依據(jù)
流體取樣和高壓物性實(shí)驗(yàn)是判斷氣藏類型的基礎(chǔ)[1]。根據(jù)相平衡原理[2],對(duì)氣藏8口井l0井次的高壓物性取樣進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),除Yll3井和Yl03井第一次井口取樣樣品合格性有待考察外,其余井次樣品相關(guān)性均在80%以上,認(rèn)為分離器取樣從相平衡的角度而言是合格的,可以進(jìn)行相關(guān)相態(tài)特征研究(表1)。
2.1 傳統(tǒng)方法判別
傳統(tǒng)氣藏類型判斷方法有相圖法[3]和經(jīng)驗(yàn)法,其中經(jīng)驗(yàn)法又有4種[2]之多。根據(jù)8個(gè)樣品擬合的相圖判斷,除2口氣井(Y106和Y53-X2)具有飽和凝析氣藏的特征外,其余樣品均只表現(xiàn)出凝析氣藏的特征(圖2、3);根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)判斷法,各井均為凝析氣藏,且四參數(shù)法、j1參數(shù)法、含氣系數(shù)與C2+含量關(guān)系法均判斷Yl06和Y53-X2井為飽和或者帶“油環(huán)”的凝析氣井(表2)。根據(jù)4種專門判斷是否帶油環(huán)的常規(guī)經(jīng)驗(yàn)法,安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏7口井均為帶“油環(huán)”或者帶“大油環(huán)”的凝析氣藏(表3)。實(shí)際上,安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏產(chǎn)原油井位置、層段與構(gòu)造和海拔無(wú)關(guān),尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的油氣界面,常規(guī)方法判斷氣藏類型與實(shí)際存在差異。
2.2 室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)判斷
飽和凝析氣藏在分離器取樣進(jìn)行PVT實(shí)驗(yàn),由于部分重質(zhì)組分的丟失,通常表現(xiàn)出露點(diǎn)壓力與井底流壓呈線性關(guān)系。安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏的WDl2、X12、Yl03井取樣壓力與實(shí)測(cè)露點(diǎn)壓力呈線性關(guān)系,且擬合相關(guān)性較好,R2=0.8648;而Yl01、Yl06和Y53-X2井則表現(xiàn)出過(guò)剩油的特征(圖4)。因此,該氣藏為飽和凝析氣藏是可以肯定的,是否就像傳統(tǒng)方法判斷的那樣具有“油環(huán)”,還需進(jìn)一步論證。
3 氣藏局部存在“油墊"
選取產(chǎn)油量最高的Y53-X2氣井進(jìn)行分析,該井投產(chǎn)第一個(gè)月,平均日產(chǎn)氣2.04×104 m3,平均日產(chǎn)油35.27t,油氣比達(dá)到l7.29t/104m3,產(chǎn)出油密度0.8055g/cm3,含蠟量l3.63%,屬于原油。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)得Y53-X2井原始地層條件下飽和油的氣油比為216.49m3/m3,飽和凝析氣氣油比為4883.75 m3/m3,結(jié)合實(shí)際生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)出流體的油氣比,計(jì)算該井不同時(shí)間產(chǎn)出天然氣與產(chǎn)出原油在地下的體積比(表4),結(jié)果表明產(chǎn)出流體中原油的比例迅速降低,表現(xiàn)為局部聚集原油的特征。Y53-X2井采氣曲線也表明隨著生產(chǎn)的進(jìn)行,產(chǎn)出原油迅速下降,該井投產(chǎn)279d后,氣產(chǎn)量基本保持2×104m3/d,油產(chǎn)鰱從初期的45t/d降至2.0t/d(圖5),油產(chǎn)量及油氣比迅速下降,同樣說(shuō)明井底附近原油有限。
結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)與室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)判斷結(jié)果綜合分析安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏為飽和凝析氣藏,由于儲(chǔ)層的非均質(zhì)性導(dǎo)致了局部有少量原油存在,即使個(gè)別井口可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)開(kāi)井初期產(chǎn)出大量原油的現(xiàn)象,但是隨著生產(chǎn)的進(jìn)行,原油產(chǎn)出量也會(huì)迅速下降,由此,將安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏類型確定為帶“油墊”的飽和凝析氣藏。從成藏的角度看,可能由于致密強(qiáng)非均質(zhì)氣藏中原油的差異聚集或原油的裂解,致使局部存在少量原油。
4 流體相態(tài)恢復(fù)計(jì)算凝析油含量
由于安岳地區(qū)須二段氣臧為飽和凝析氣藏,地面取不到具有代表性的流體樣品,無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確確定凝析油含量,對(duì)氣藏流體相態(tài)的認(rèn)識(shí)和氣藏開(kāi)發(fā)動(dòng)態(tài)的預(yù)測(cè)造成不利影響。采用相態(tài)恢復(fù)理論[4-7]對(duì)原始流體相態(tài)特征進(jìn)行恢復(fù),可以量化和預(yù)測(cè)氣藏油氣產(chǎn)量。
根據(jù)相態(tài)恢復(fù)理論,利用數(shù)值模擬軟件Eclipse中的高壓物性分析模型(PVTi),選取取樣時(shí)間早、相平衡較好的Xl2井的高壓物性實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行相態(tài)恢復(fù)。首先,對(duì)原始PVT數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行模擬形成臨界參數(shù)場(chǎng);然后,在目前壓力下,向平衡凝析氣中逐漸加入少量平衡油,再計(jì)算露點(diǎn)壓力,若計(jì)算的露點(diǎn)壓力低于地層壓力,則繼續(xù)在新的露點(diǎn)壓力下加入該壓力下的平衡油,直到露點(diǎn)壓力恢復(fù)到原始地層壓力?;謴?fù)到原始地層壓力下的流體組分,可以代表原始?xì)獠貤l件下的流體。相態(tài)恢復(fù)前后對(duì)照表表明,相態(tài)恢復(fù)后潛在凝析油含量C5+提高了1.75%,凝析油含量達(dá)到2499/m3(表5)。通過(guò)相態(tài)恢復(fù)模擬飽和凝析氣藏地層流體高壓物性特征,為開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)政策制定和氣藏動(dòng)態(tài)預(yù)測(cè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
將相態(tài)恢復(fù)研究成果運(yùn)用于氣藏模擬和方案預(yù)測(cè)中,氣井的產(chǎn)氣量、產(chǎn)油量、井l:3壓力等關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)能夠得到較好擬合,在此基礎(chǔ)上建立氣藏預(yù)測(cè)模型預(yù)測(cè)氣藏產(chǎn)量,產(chǎn)氣量和產(chǎn)油量與實(shí)際吻合程度較高,油氣比基本吻合(圖6),高壓物性實(shí)驗(yàn)、常規(guī)凝析氣藏類型判別與生產(chǎn)靜動(dòng)態(tài)特征相結(jié)合的氣藏類型判別方法和相態(tài)恢復(fù)理論確定的氣藏類型是正確的、預(yù)測(cè)的凝析油含量是可靠的。
5 凝析油采收率及提高采收率的開(kāi)發(fā)措施建議
定容衰竭實(shí)驗(yàn)表明當(dāng)壓力衰竭至l8MPa時(shí),反凝析液量達(dá)到最大為10.14%,而在分級(jí)壓力為4MPa時(shí),凝析油的采收率為l6.99%,天然氣采收率為82.54%(圖7、8)。飽和凝析氣藏一當(dāng)開(kāi)井,在地層中即有凝析油析出,安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏氣井目前的生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)以及試井解釋分析表明近井地帶已經(jīng)有凝析油析出,存在反凝析傷害。
凝析氣藏通常的開(kāi)采方式主要有衰竭式開(kāi)采、循環(huán)注氣(露點(diǎn)壓力以上注氣和露點(diǎn)壓力注氣)以及單井吞吐[8-10]。實(shí)驗(yàn)及理論研究證明多孔介質(zhì)中凝析油的采收率高于PVT筒高壓物性實(shí)驗(yàn)[11-13]。因此采用室內(nèi)巖心物理模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)優(yōu)選合理開(kāi)發(fā)方式,結(jié)果表明在氣藏平均束縛水飽和度為49%,廢棄壓力為4MPa條件下,采用衰竭式開(kāi)發(fā),凝析油采收率能夠達(dá)到33.48%,天然氣采收率為84.64%,在露點(diǎn)壓力以上注氣,能夠提高凝析油采收率40.06%,在反凝析液飽和度最大壓力下注氣,能夠提高凝析油采收率l4.06%,單井干氣吞吐和加甲醇段塞的單井干氣吞吐,分別提高凝析油采收率14.12%和l7.64%(表6)。考慮安岳地區(qū)須二段氣藏為低孔、低滲的砂巖氣藏,非均質(zhì)性強(qiáng),不建議采用循環(huán)注氣的開(kāi)采方式,另外加甲醇段塞雖然能夠解除水鎖,降低氣液的界面張力,提高氣相相對(duì)滲透率[14],但是考慮到注入成本以及后期的處理,建議單井采用先衰竭后干氣吞吐的開(kāi)采方式,可提高凝析油采收率,達(dá)到效益開(kāi)發(fā)的目的。
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本文作者:陳中華 楊洪志 徐偉 李明秋
作者單位:中國(guó)石油西南油氣田公司勘探開(kāi)發(fā)研究院
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