摘 要:低滲透氣藏已成為目前我國天然氣開發(fā)的重點對象,其滲流規(guī)律也不同于常規(guī)氣藏,特別是氣井產水以后,存在氣、水兩相流動,氣藏的滲流規(guī)律將發(fā)生明顯的變化,常規(guī)的單井控制儲量計算方法已不再適合。為此,針對氣藏低滲透、產水的特點,重新推導了氣井的氣、水兩相產能方程,并結合物質平衡法,建立了一個改進的適合產水低滲氣井控制儲量計算的采氣曲線法,并用實例進行了驗證。結果表明:啟動壓力梯度及氣井產水對控制儲量的計算有明顯影響;在儲量計算公式推導中,水氣體積比的引入,能更準確地求取產水氣井的儲量和表述產水對儲量的影響;在考慮產水因素后,求得的天然氣儲量明顯降低,且隨產水量的增加,求得的氣井控制儲量也減少。該研究成果對于提高低滲透產水氣藏單井控制儲量的計算精度具有重要參考價值。
關鍵詞:低滲透氣藏 控制儲量 產水 啟動擬壓力梯度 計算 精度
Single well controlled reserves calculation for low permeability water-preducing gas reservoirs and implications of the involvement of water production
Abstract:With the development of oil/gas recovery technology,low permeability gas reservoirs have become a focus due to their seepage flow mechanism distinct from that of conventional gas reservoirs.It is worth noting that the gas-water two-phase flow in wells especially after water production will result in an obvious change in the seepage flow mechanism of reservoirs,thereby making the conventional single well controlled reserves calculation method no longer applicable.In view of this,the gas-water two-phase productivity equation was re derived for gas wells and in combination with the material balance method,an improved gas yield curve method was developed appropriate for the controlled reserves calculation for low-permeability and water producing gas wells,which was also validated by field practices.The following findings were obtained:(1)the kickoff pressure gradient and water production have noticeable implications on the single well controlled reserves calculation;(2)the introduction of water/gas volume ratio into the reserves calculation formula helps estimate the reserves of water producing wells and represent the implications of water production on reserves calculation in a more precise way;and (3)the calculated single well controlled reserves drop sharply when water production is considered,and decrease with the increase in water production.This study is of great significance as a reference to improving the calculation precision for single-well controlled reserves of low-permeability and water-producing gas reservoirs.
Key words:low permeability gas reservoir,single well controlled reserves,water production,kickoff pressure gradient,calculation,precision
在產水低滲透氣臧的升發(fā)過程中,由于儲層物性差的特性及產水的影響,在對氣井儲量評價時,如果仍用常規(guī)方法必將導致錯誤的結果。從前人實驗結果表明:氣體在產水低滲透氣藏巾滲流時,存在啟動壓力梯度[1]。為此,筆者在考慮啟動壓力梯度及產水的基礎上,并結合氣藏物質平衡法,推導了產水低滲透氣井單井控制儲量的計算方法。
1 方程推導
考慮啟動壓力梯度的氣、水兩相穩(wěn)定滲流數學模型[2-12]如下:
氣相
水相
模型假設條件:①氣水兩相流動形式為平面徑相穩(wěn)定滲流;②氣相滿足二項式滲流形式、水相為達西滲流;③毛細管壓力及表皮污染忽略。
同時還滿足:
聯(lián)立式(1)~(5),并整理得:
氣相
其中
也可用習慣的壓力平方形式表示,即
令
則式(6)可表示為[13]:
水相
上式可簡化為:
其中
聯(lián)立式(11)、(13)、(14),整理得:
[(Pe+Pwf)E´WGR2-B]q2+[( Pe+Pwf)D´WGR-A]q+[( Pe+Pwf)F-C]=0 (15)
式(15)即為低滲透氣藏氣井產水后的考慮水氣比的穩(wěn)態(tài)產能方程式。當WGR=0時,即氣井不產水時,氣井產能方程式就由式(15)變?yōu)槭?span lang="EN-US">(11)。通過對水氣比(WGR)的引入,式(15)更好地表述了氣井產水對氣井產能的影響,更能準確地反映在一定地層壓力下,或一定階段氣井的流人動態(tài)規(guī)律。
對于產水氣藏,考慮其為正常壓力系統(tǒng),忽略束縛水的膨脹作用和巖石壓縮性引起的巖性膨脹,其物質平衡方程為[14]:
將式(15)和式(16)結合起來就可得低滲透產水氣井控制儲量計算的方程:
式中Zi、Z的取值可由本文參考文獻[1]中提供的方法獲取,水侵量(We)可由本文參考文獻[10]中提供的多種計算方法。
對于高含共生水的定容封閉氣藏或邊底水不活躍的氣藏,可以認為沒有水驅的作用,氣井產出的水都來自地層共生水,“即We=0。此時產水低滲透氣井的單井控制儲量方程就可變?yōu)椋?span lang="EN-US">
式中A、B、C、D、E、F分別為氣井氣相或水相的產能方程系數,WGR為水氣體積比。通過該式就可求出氣井的控制儲量Go從上式可以看出:WGR越大,其單井控制儲量就越低。所以,控制好氣井的出水,就能提高氣井的產能,從而提高氣井對儲量的控制程度。
2 實例分析
以我國某氣田為例,利用上述方法及試井與生產資料,選取該氣田中的8口生產井為示例,比較分析氣井在不考慮產水和考慮產水時的單井控制儲量,并比較產水變?yōu)閷嶋H的l.1、1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5倍時所對應的氣井控制儲量的變化情況[15](表l,圖l、2)。
從上述圖表中可以看出:首先,不考慮產水情況的氣井控制儲量要高于產水的情況,出水對儲量的影響顯而易見;其次,考慮產水時,計算的儲量的降幅明顯加大。從計算結果可得出,考慮產水后,氣井控制量平均降低23.84%;產水情況下,越高,水量越大,相應地氣井控制儲量也越低,水氣比每增大0.1倍時,氣井控制儲量將平均降低0.9%~l.2%。
3 結論
從前面的理論推導與實例分析可以得到如下認識:
1)對低滲透產水氣井進行控制儲量計算時,啟動壓力梯度及氣井產水對儲量計算有明顯影響,不容忽視。
2)在儲量計算公式推導中,水氣體積比的引入,更能準確地求取產水氣井的儲量及表述產水對儲量的影響。
3)從實例分析可以看出:在考慮產水后,求得的儲量明顯降低,且隨產水量增加,求得的氣井控制儲量減低。因此,對產水氣井計算單井控制儲量時必須考慮產水影響,否則將會得到錯誤的結果。
符號說明
Kg為氣相滲透率,mD;Kw為水相滲透率,mD;lg為氣相啟動壓力梯度,atm/cm(1atm=98.0665kPa);lw為水相啟動壓力梯度,atm/cm;lgy,為原始狀態(tài)下的氣相啟動擬壓力梯度,atm2/(mPa·s·cm);rw 為井筒半徑,cm;re為氣井控制半徑,cm;mg為氣體的黏度,mPa·s;mw為地層水的黏度,mPa·s;`mg平均地層壓力下氣體的平均黏度,mPa·s;qwsc為標況下產水量,cm3;qgsc為標準狀況下產氣量,cm3/S;h為氣層厚度,cm;b為描述孔隙介質紊流影響的系數,稱為速度系數,cm-l;rg為氣體密度,g/cm3;rw為地層水密度,g/cm3;qgAOF為天然氣無阻流量,cm3/s;Pi為原始地層壓力,arm;Pe為某時刻地層壓力,atm;Pwf為井底壓力,atm;Psc為地面標準狀況下壓力,atm;ye為某時刻地層擬壓力,atm2/(mPa·s);ywf為井底擬壓力,atm2/(mPa·s);G為氣井控制儲量,cm3;Gp為氣井累計產氣量cm3;Zi為原始條件下氣體壓縮因子;`Z為平均地層壓力下氣體的壓縮因子;Zsc為地面標準狀況下氣體的壓縮因子;T為氣層溫度,K;R為氣體常數,82.053atm·cm3/(mol·K);We為累計水侵量,cm3;Wp為累計產水量,cm3;Bg為氣相體積系數;Bw為水相體積系數。
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本文作者:黃全華 方濤
作者單位:西南石油大學石油工程學院
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