頁(yè)巖脆性的綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法

摘 要

     ——以四川盆地W區(qū)下志留統(tǒng)龍馬溪組為例摘 要:頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層的脆性特性對(duì)頁(yè)巖氣的開發(fā)效果具有重要影響,脆性頁(yè)巖有利于天然裂縫的發(fā)育和壓裂后形成具有一定

     ——以四川盆地W區(qū)下志留統(tǒng)龍馬溪組為例

摘 要:頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層的脆性特性對(duì)頁(yè)巖氣的開發(fā)效果具有重要影響,脆性頁(yè)巖有利于天然裂縫的發(fā)育和壓裂后形成具有一定導(dǎo)流能力的網(wǎng)狀復(fù)雜裂縫,從而提高頁(yè)巖產(chǎn)氣量。為了探尋頁(yè)巖脆性特征,彌補(bǔ)單一學(xué)科技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)頁(yè)巖脆性存在的不足,提出了一種利用x射線衍射、計(jì)算彈性參數(shù)和室內(nèi)巖石力學(xué)測(cè)試3種技術(shù)來(lái)綜合評(píng)價(jià)頁(yè)巖脆性的方法,即通過(guò)分析頁(yè)巖礦物組分含量、泊松比、楊氏模量、橫縱波比參數(shù)和巖石應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變性質(zhì),對(duì)頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層的脆性特征進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。將該方法應(yīng)用于四川盆地W區(qū)下志留統(tǒng)龍馬溪組黑色頁(yè)巖的脆性評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果表明:該區(qū)龍馬溪組二段脆性好于龍馬溪組一段,龍馬溪組二段在15351541m層段時(shí),具有高的石英含量,較低的泊松比、橫縱波比和較高的楊氏模量值;深度在l541m時(shí)巖樣的應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變曲線負(fù)坡較陡,頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層的脆性指數(shù)大于50%,有利于對(duì)頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層進(jìn)行壓裂改造。實(shí)踐證明:該方法具有較高的有效性,與實(shí)際壓裂測(cè)試結(jié)果吻合較好,可作為壓裂選層的重要依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞:頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層  脆性  綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法  彈性參數(shù)  巖石力學(xué)  礦物組分  早志留世  四川盆地

A comprehensive evaluation methodology of shale brittlenessA case study from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Fm in Block W,Sichuan Basin

AbstractThe brittleness of shale formation has an important impact on shale gas extractionBrittle shale is favorable for the formation of natural fractures and the creation of complex fracture networks with good conductivity through fracturing,thus enhancing shale gas productivityIn order to understand shale brittlenessand to overcome the disadvantages of brittleness evaluation with a single technique,we proposed a comprehensive evaluation method that integrates X-ray diffraction,calculated elastic parameters and laboratory rock mechanics tests,iecomprehensively evaluating shale brittleness based on the analysis of mineral components,Poisson¢s ratio,Young¢s modulus and S/P ratio as well as rock stress and strain characteristicsThis comprehensive evaluation method was applied to brittleness evaluation of the black shale in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Fm in Block WSichuan BasinThe following resuits were obtainedThe brittleness of the second member of Longmaxi Fm is better than that of the first memberThe shale in the interval of l535-1541m has a high content of quartz,a low Poisson¢s ratio,a low SP ratioand a high Young¢s modulusThe shale sampled at a burial depth of l541 m has a relatively steep negative slope in its stress-strain curve,and its brittleness index is greater than 50%,being favorable for fracturing stimulationPractices show that this method is highly effective and the evaluation results are in good consistence with the real fracturing test results,thus shale brittleness can be used as one of the major bases for fracturing optimization

Keywordsshale reservoirbrittleness,comprehensive evaluation methodelastic parameter,rock mechanics,mineral compositionEarly Silurian,Sichuan Basin

頁(yè)巖的脆性特征是儲(chǔ)層是否易于改造的重要參數(shù)[1-4]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究頁(yè)巖脆性參數(shù)的方法主要有以下4種:在實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)礦物含量進(jìn)行實(shí)測(cè);用地球物理方法及測(cè)井資料求取彈性力學(xué)參數(shù),其中楊氏模量和泊松比最常用來(lái)作為表征巖石脆性的參數(shù)[5];在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行巖石力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),通過(guò)應(yīng)力—應(yīng)變特征進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[6-8];從常規(guī)壓裂試驗(yàn)手段進(jìn)行研究。根據(jù)國(guó)外Barnett頁(yè)巖和Woodford頁(yè)巖成功壓裂開采效果可知,當(dāng)脆性礦物含量高、脆性指數(shù)高(均大于40)時(shí),有利于頁(yè)巖氣的壓裂開采。筆者以四川盆地W區(qū)下志留統(tǒng)龍馬溪組黑色頁(yè)巖樣品為例,通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)室力學(xué)實(shí)測(cè)方法、礦物成分檢測(cè)和地球物理測(cè)井計(jì)算彈性參數(shù)手段3個(gè)方面分析了Wx井的脆性特征,根據(jù)脆性特征確定了擬壓裂改造的深度范圍,以此說(shuō)明頁(yè)巖脆性對(duì)壓裂改造的指導(dǎo)意義及研究頁(yè)巖脆性的重要性。

1 地質(zhì)特征及巖石礦物組成

11 地質(zhì)特征

四川盆地W區(qū)處于川中隆起區(qū)的川西南低陡褶皺帶,東及東北與安岳南江低褶皺帶相鄰,南界新店子向斜接自流井凹陷構(gòu)造群,北西界金河向斜與龍泉山構(gòu)造帶相望,西南與壽保場(chǎng)構(gòu)造鞍部相接。該區(qū)龍馬溪組為1套淺海相碎屑巖,發(fā)育多套黑色頁(yè)巖層系,有機(jī)碳含量高(TOC介于0.35%~l8.4%,平均為2.52)、厚度大(黑色頁(yè)巖厚度介于20260m),熱演化成熟度高(R。介于1.8%~3.6),是l套高效烴源巖[9]。據(jù)取心資料分析結(jié)果,龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙度分布在4.78%~6.14%,平均為5.5%;滲透率介于0.08970.00555mD。據(jù)此推斷,龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層屬于低孔隙度、低滲透率儲(chǔ)集巖,有具備儲(chǔ)集頁(yè)巖氣的良好地質(zhì)條件。

由于四川盆地龍馬溪組受加里東運(yùn)動(dòng)抬升影響,致使西南向東南厚度分布不均(0200m),W區(qū)圍繞樂(lè)山—龍女寺古隆往東南方向變厚;龍馬溪組由上至下巖性顏色加深、砂質(zhì)減少、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量增高。根據(jù)實(shí)際井巖心描述以及測(cè)井巖電特征,將龍馬溪組分為龍馬溪組一段(深度介于l3791505m)和龍馬溪組二段(深度介于l5051545m)。

12 巖石礦物組成

頁(yè)巖的礦物組成主要分為硅酸鹽巖類、碳酸鹽巖類和黏土類3種。脆性礦物含量是影響頁(yè)巖基質(zhì)孔隙和微裂縫發(fā)育程度、含氣性及壓裂改造方式等的重要因素[10-16]。頁(yè)巖中黏土礦物含量越低,硅酸鹽巖中石英、長(zhǎng)石和碳酸鹽巖中方解石等脆性礦物含量越高,巖石脆性越強(qiáng)[17-19],有利于誘導(dǎo)裂縫的產(chǎn)生,形成網(wǎng)狀裂縫,易于實(shí)現(xiàn)體積改造[20-21],提高頁(yè)巖氣單井產(chǎn)量。而高黏土礦物含量的頁(yè)巖塑性強(qiáng),吸收能量,以形成平面裂縫為主,不利于頁(yè)巖體積改造。目前美國(guó)成功開發(fā)的Barnett頁(yè)巖和Woodford頁(yè)巖脆性礦物含量高(大于40),黏土礦物含量低(小于30)。四川盆地龍馬溪組頁(yè)巖的礦物組成情況見圖l

 

2 頁(yè)巖脆性綜合評(píng)價(jià)法

21 X射線衍射分析

利用X射線衍射分析W區(qū)Wx井龍馬溪組的取心資料(1),整體地層礦物組分有相當(dāng)明顯的變化。水敏性黏土含量低,混層伊利石—蒙脫石含量比重為1%~2%。綠泥石在深度介于l422.5l515.6m的范圍內(nèi)含量高,比重為5%~l8%,并隨著鐵質(zhì)白云巖含量的增加而減少,伊利石和綠泥石的趨勢(shì)相同。大量的鐵白云巖存在于深度為l521.51533.3m的樣品中,比重為l5%~38%;在其他深度的樣品中,鐵白云巖含量低??傮w上龍馬溪組一段(深度介于l3791505m)綠泥石、伊利石類黏土礦物含量所占比重與石英和少量碳酸鹽巖含量相當(dāng);龍馬溪組二段(深度介于15051545m)方解石、鐵質(zhì)白云石類碳酸鹽巖含量隨著深度的變化而增加,巖樣深度l541m時(shí),石英含量最高,為75%。整體評(píng)價(jià)龍馬溪組二段較一段脆性好,根據(jù)巖心礦物分析計(jì)算Wx井脆性指數(shù)為30%~75%,龍馬溪組二段深度介于l5351541m時(shí)脆性指數(shù)大于50%,適合進(jìn)行壓裂改造。

22 地球物理測(cè)井方砝

頁(yè)巖地球物理測(cè)井方法為優(yōu)化頁(yè)巖氣鉆井及儲(chǔ)層壓裂改造部署提供必要的技術(shù)支撐[22-24],為水平井的著落點(diǎn)和后期的完井作業(yè)提供有效的指導(dǎo)參數(shù)。借鑒國(guó)外頁(yè)巖氣勘探開發(fā)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過(guò)測(cè)井資料計(jì)算得到的楊氏模量和泊松比[25-26]作為評(píng)價(jià)頁(yè)巖脆性的主要依據(jù)。Rickman等人在2007年針對(duì)Barnett頁(yè)巖進(jìn)行了經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié),認(rèn)為低泊松比、高彈性模量的頁(yè)巖意味著其脆性(可壓裂性)越強(qiáng)[5]。貝克休斯和哈里伯頓公司應(yīng)用橫縱波時(shí)差來(lái)計(jì)算巖石的楊氏模量和泊松比,以此評(píng)價(jià)頁(yè)巖的脆性程度[5,27];斯倫貝謝公司通過(guò)應(yīng)用縱橫波時(shí)差和最小水平應(yīng)力的各向異性模型來(lái)計(jì)算最小水平應(yīng)力,通過(guò)最小水平應(yīng)力來(lái)優(yōu)選水平著陸點(diǎn)和壓裂/射孔層段。圖2是四川盆地龍馬溪組Wx井泊松比、橫縱波時(shí)差比和楊氏模量預(yù)測(cè)圖。依據(jù)下列公式[28]

 

 

 

(1)DTs、DTc分別為地層橫波時(shí)差,縱波時(shí)差;v為泊松比。根據(jù)公式(1)推導(dǎo)出公式(2),求出橫縱波時(shí)差比,并與泊松比變化相比較,從而確定頁(yè)巖的脆性程度。公式(3)rb為體積密度;E為楊氏模量。

整體龍馬溪組楊氏模量介于l×1043.5×104MPa,平均為2.3×104MPa;泊松比介于0.10.37,平均為0.24。通過(guò)圖3可以看出,龍馬溪組一段楊氏模量平均值為1.4×104MPa,泊松比平均值為0.3;龍馬溪組二段楊氏模量平均值為l.8×104MPa,泊松比平均值為0.23。龍馬溪組二段較龍馬溪組一段具有低泊松比,高楊氏模量,說(shuō)明其脆性優(yōu)于一段。圖4為橫縱波時(shí)差比和泊松比的交會(huì)圖,可以看出龍馬溪組二段的橫縱波時(shí)差比明顯低于一段,說(shuō)明低橫縱波時(shí)差比參數(shù)用于表征頁(yè)巖的脆性程度是有效的。

 

 

23 頁(yè)巖巖石力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

通過(guò)對(duì)Wx井的脆性研究,可知龍馬溪組二段脆性條件優(yōu)于龍馬溪組一段,且龍馬溪組二段在深度l535l541m時(shí)最具叮壓裂性,為進(jìn)一步證明其可行性,進(jìn)行了巖石力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

231準(zhǔn)備條件

選取的2塊巖心均來(lái)自Wx井龍馬溪組二段,圖2中紫紅色和藍(lán)色點(diǎn)所處位置,取樣深度分別為l52lml54lm。為了更好地進(jìn)行力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),從巖心樣品切割獲得1個(gè)柱狀巖心栓,利用磨平機(jī)磨平兩端,使根部接地互相平行于彼此,以保證樣品端面平滑。通過(guò)巖石力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)儀,模擬儲(chǔ)層溫度、圍壓,進(jìn)行三維壓縮實(shí)驗(yàn)。

232三維壓縮實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析

通過(guò)巖石力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),龍馬溪組二段頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層基質(zhì)巖石,抗壓強(qiáng)度分布在91152MPa,平均抗壓強(qiáng)度為121.98MPa,平均楊氏模量為2.15×104MPa,平均泊松比為0.23(1)。測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果可知,巖樣2對(duì)比巖樣l具有低泊松比和高楊氏模量的特征,說(shuō)明龍馬溪組二段在深度1541m時(shí),頁(yè)巖脆性程度最優(yōu),與先前的礦物分析和脆性指數(shù)得到的結(jié)論相符。

 

三維壓縮實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)力  應(yīng)變曲線如圖5、6所示。巖石材料的塑性與脆性可根據(jù)應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變曲線上負(fù)坡的坡降大小來(lái)劃分。負(fù)坡較陡者為脆性,反之為塑性。由圖56可知:巖樣1和巖樣2在應(yīng)力分別為l2000psi(1psi6.895kPa)20000psi時(shí),應(yīng)變?yōu)?span lang="EN-US">0.01、0.009時(shí)破碎,屬于脆性巖石,且?guī)r樣2應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變曲線上的負(fù)坡較陡,故其脆性優(yōu)于巖樣1

 

 

24 綜合分析及效果

上述方法對(duì)W區(qū)龍馬溪組脆性的深化研究,從礦物組成分析認(rèn)為龍馬溪組二段隨深度增加石英、碳酸鹽巖含量增加,在深度l541m時(shí)石英含量占比重最大,脆性表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)且脆性指數(shù)大于50%。測(cè)井資料計(jì)算彈性參數(shù)值與2塊巖樣實(shí)測(cè)彈性參數(shù)值具有很高的吻合性(2)。

結(jié)合巖樣應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變結(jié)果,認(rèn)為龍馬溪組二段在深度1541m左右時(shí)脆性最優(yōu),對(duì)比3種方法綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果認(rèn)為適合壓裂改造深度為15351541m。根據(jù)目前掌握壓裂測(cè)試資料得知,龍馬溪組二段目的層在深度l523m開始出現(xiàn)壓力異?,F(xiàn)象,測(cè)井解釋結(jié)果顯示在深度1523l541m有含氣顯示。依據(jù)脆性礦物含量高、黏土含量低的特點(diǎn),壓裂選擇滑溜水為主的體積壓裂模式,壓裂分為3段,射孔總厚度為9m,加砂量為l20m3,壓裂液和支撐劑注入的改造效果通過(guò)微地震裂縫監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)觀測(cè)證實(shí)形成了具有導(dǎo)流的網(wǎng)狀復(fù)雜裂縫,試氣初期,頁(yè)巖氣產(chǎn)量為20003000m3d,頁(yè)巖氣無(wú)硫化氫,甲烷含量超過(guò)98%,氣質(zhì)非常純凈。結(jié)果表明,綜合脆性評(píng)價(jià)方法有較高的有效性,與實(shí)際壓裂測(cè)試結(jié)果吻合較好,同時(shí)也說(shuō)明脆性評(píng)價(jià)研究對(duì)頁(yè)巖氣開發(fā)生產(chǎn)具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。

3 結(jié)論

1)龍馬溪組一段主要以伊利石和綠泥石類的黏土礦物為主,石英類的硅酸鹽巖礦物和碳酸鹽巖礦物次之,龍馬溪組二段石英類的硅酸鹽巖礦物和碳酸鹽巖礦物含量高,整體上,龍馬溪組二段的脆性優(yōu)于龍馬溪組一段。龍馬溪組二段在深度為l541m時(shí)石英含量為75%,脆性指數(shù)在深度為l535l541m時(shí)大于50%,適于壓裂改造。礦物含量組分的不同,導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)層巖石的脆性不同。石英含量越高,頁(yè)巖的脆性指數(shù)越大;碳酸鹽巖類含量也是頁(yè)巖儲(chǔ)層中的易脆組分,同時(shí)也是判斷裂縫是否發(fā)育的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。

2)測(cè)井預(yù)測(cè)和巖石力學(xué)分析表明,龍馬溪組二段較一段有相對(duì)低的泊松比、橫縱波比和較高的楊氏模量值,巖樣在深度l541m時(shí)脆性條件最優(yōu)。與礦物分析和計(jì)算的脆性指數(shù)在深度l5351541m時(shí)分析的脆性結(jié)果相符。力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)不僅可以通過(guò)測(cè)得彈性參數(shù)值對(duì)頁(yè)巖的脆性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),也可以從應(yīng)力—應(yīng)變特征進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),為壓裂選層和設(shè)計(jì)改造提供參考依據(jù)。

3)滑溜水為主的體積壓裂模式,是針對(duì)頁(yè)巖氣藏改造的技術(shù),尤其對(duì)儲(chǔ)層脆性較高、天然裂縫發(fā)育地層適用。其特點(diǎn)可提高形成一定導(dǎo)流能力的網(wǎng)狀縫,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生較大裂縫與地層的接觸面積從而提高產(chǎn)量,相對(duì)其他傳統(tǒng)壓裂模式成本低。壓裂技術(shù)的提高對(duì)于頁(yè)巖氣儲(chǔ)層成功開發(fā)起著決定性作用,應(yīng)給予足夠重視。

 

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本文作者:王鵬  紀(jì)友亮  潘仁芳  王志章  伍媛

作者單位:中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(北京)油氣資源與探測(cè)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室

  長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)油氣資源與勘查技術(shù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室