摘 要:塔里木盆地山前某構(gòu)造沉積巨厚礫石層,鉆井液鉆井存在著鉆速低、鉆頭消耗多等問題,而采用空氣鉆井來提速又面臨井斜控制和井眼失穩(wěn)兩大技術(shù)難題。為此,在大量試驗(yàn)研究基礎(chǔ)上提出了空氣鉆井的實(shí)施技術(shù)方案。根據(jù)最小動(dòng)能法判斷準(zhǔn)則,落實(shí)不同條件下的合理注氣量;應(yīng)用連續(xù)循環(huán)空氣鉆井技術(shù)避免沉砂卡鉆,延長鉆井進(jìn)尺,提高鉆井時(shí)效;基于鉆具動(dòng)力學(xué)特性分析,提出空氣鉆井動(dòng)力學(xué)防斜技術(shù),優(yōu)選出“彎短節(jié)+雙扶正器”防斜鉆具組合;優(yōu)配“二強(qiáng)二高一低”(強(qiáng)抑制、強(qiáng)封堵、高防塌性、高潤滑性、低濾失)的聚磺一KCl轉(zhuǎn)換用鉆井液體系,給出鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換工藝措施。通過在A井現(xiàn)場試驗(yàn),空氣鉆井井段最大井斜角僅2.19°,僅用2d時(shí)間就順利完成鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換作業(yè),同比鉆井液鉆井機(jī)械鉆速提高3~5倍,節(jié)省鉆井時(shí)間119d,取得良好應(yīng)用效果,該配套技術(shù)的形成可對(duì)該區(qū)深部天然氣勘探鉆井提速發(fā)揮積極的推動(dòng)作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:礫石層 空氣鉆井 井斜控制 注氣量 連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井 動(dòng)力學(xué)特性 鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換
Technologies in enhancing the ROP by air drilling through the piedmont gravel layers with huge thickness in the Tarim Basin
Abstract:Heavily thick gravel layers were deposited in a piedmont gas reservoir in the Tarim Basin,where mud drilling has been encountered by a low ROP,high bit wear and so on.A high ROP was expected to achieve by air drilling,however,well deviation control and wellbore instability were two technical bottlenecking problems.In view of this,based on a huge number of experimental studies,a technical scheme was proposed for air drilling in this study area.First,reasonable air injection rates were determined at different downhole conditions by use of the minimum kinetic energy judgment criteria.Second,the continuous circulating air drilling technology was employed to prevent solids setting sticking,thus to extend footage and increase drilling efficiency.Third,the dynamic air drilling deviation control technology was recommended after the analysis of BHA dynamic characteristics,on this basis,the optimal design was suggested of the”bent nipple+double centralizer”BHA.Fourth,the polysulfonate KCL converting fluid system was optimized with strong inhibition and sealing performance,high anti collapse ability and lubricitv,and low filtration,and some drilling fluid conversion measures were also figured out.In a pilot case of air drilling with the above technical scheme in Well A,the maximum deviation angle was only 2.19° and the drilling fluid was converted within 2days;the ROP was enhanced by 3 to 5 times and the drilling time was saved by 119days compared with mud drilling.This supporting technology will play a positive role in improving the drilling speed in this study area.
Keywords:gravel foreland,air drilling,deviation control,air injection rate,continuous circulating drilling,dynamic characteristics,fltujd conversion
塔里木盆地山前某構(gòu)造儲(chǔ)層埋藏深度大于7000m,上部沉積了巨厚的礫石層,鉆井液鉆井鉆速低、鉆頭消耗多、周期長,嚴(yán)重制約了勘探開發(fā)效益,開展空氣鉆井提速具有廣闊前景。通過前期氣體鉆井現(xiàn)場應(yīng)用表明,山前構(gòu)造礫石層空氣鉆井時(shí)存在井壁失穩(wěn)、井斜控制難度大等技術(shù)瓶頸,筆者通過開展注入?yún)?shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù)、動(dòng)力學(xué)防斜技術(shù)及鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)研究,形成了山前構(gòu)造礫石層空氣鉆井配套技術(shù),通過在A井現(xiàn)場試驗(yàn),取得良好應(yīng)用效果。
1 空氣注入?yún)?shù)優(yōu)化
采用最小動(dòng)能法判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):l]確定合理灃氣量,該方法認(rèn)為:當(dāng)環(huán)空空氣最小返速不小于15.24m/s時(shí),能將井底產(chǎn)生的巖屑攜帶至地面。根據(jù)實(shí)際鉆屑情況,模擬計(jì)算了Æ431.8mm和Æ333.4mm兩種井眼尺寸,考慮不同井眼擴(kuò)大率,不同巖屑顆粒尺寸條件下的最小環(huán)空返速,參照最小動(dòng)能法判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),確定出合理注氣量(表1,圖1、2)。
根據(jù)最小動(dòng)能法判斷準(zhǔn)則,給出不同條件下合理注氣量(圖1、2)。綜合考慮地面海拔影響,需要配套500m3/min空氣注入設(shè)備。
2 連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù)
連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了在接單根、起下鉆期間保持介質(zhì)的連續(xù)循環(huán)[2-5],避免井底積液引起的井壁垮塌,降低卡鉆風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高鉆井效率。
閥式連續(xù)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)[6]主要由兩部分組成:連續(xù)循環(huán)閥、地面切換裝置(圖3)。其工作原理為:預(yù)先將連續(xù)循環(huán)閥配在單根頂端,連接一條側(cè)循環(huán)管線至連續(xù)循環(huán)閥,在接單根、起下鉆時(shí)通過地面切換裝置對(duì)正循環(huán)通道和側(cè)循環(huán)通道進(jìn)行切換,保持鉆井介質(zhì)始終處于連續(xù)循環(huán)狀態(tài)。
礫石層空氣鉆井過程中,易發(fā)生井徑擴(kuò)大,導(dǎo)致攜砂困難,存在沉砂卡鉆風(fēng)險(xiǎn),甚至可能因沉砂過多而提前結(jié)束空氣鉆井作業(yè)。采用連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù),具備以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
2.1 節(jié)省接立柱時(shí)間,提高鉆井效率
常規(guī)空氣鉆井采用“接雙根”方式進(jìn)行,連續(xù)循環(huán)空氣鉆井接立柱程序簡捷,節(jié)省了泄壓、倒換鉆具、壓力恢復(fù)等工序,相比常規(guī)“接立柱”節(jié)省時(shí)間近60%。
常規(guī)接立柱程序:劃眼、循環(huán)清砂®上提鉆具至上單根出轉(zhuǎn)盤面®停止注氣、泄壓®倒出上單根®接立柱®注氣,待立壓恢復(fù)至正常壓力值后,劃眼、鉆進(jìn)。
連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井接立柱程序:劃眼®倒換閘閥,建立側(cè)循環(huán)通道®接立柱®倒換閘閥,建立主循環(huán)通道,恢復(fù)鉆進(jìn)。
2.2 提高復(fù)雜井段起下鉆作業(yè)安全性
當(dāng)井底沉砂多時(shí),在沉砂堆積井段進(jìn)行連續(xù)循環(huán)起下鉆作業(yè),可避免沉砂卡鉆,提高鉆井安全性。
2.3 延長空氣鉆井進(jìn)尺
井底沉砂過多可導(dǎo)致提前結(jié)束空氣鉆井,而采用連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù)可避免沉砂卡鉆,滿足空氣鉆井安全作業(yè)需求,延長空氣鉆井進(jìn)尺。
3 井斜控制
塔里木山前高陡構(gòu)造井斜控制[7]是空氣鉆井難題之一,空氣錘防斜技術(shù)[8]難以奏效,基于鉆具動(dòng)力學(xué)特性分析,提出一種“彎鉆具動(dòng)力學(xué)防斜技術(shù)”[9-10],對(duì)4種不同鉆具組合的動(dòng)態(tài)鐘擺力進(jìn)行了分析,優(yōu)選出Æ431.8mm和Æ333.4mm井眼的“彎短節(jié)+雙扶正器”的動(dòng)力學(xué)防斜鉆具組合(表2),其底部鉆具組成為:鉆頭+彎短節(jié)(a°)+Æ228.6mm鉆鋌+扶正器+Æ228.6mm鉆鋌+扶正器+Æ228.6mm鉆鋌……
4 鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換
針對(duì)塔里木山前礫石層鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換過程中易發(fā)生井壁失穩(wěn)、井漏[11-12]等難題,通過室內(nèi)研究,形成了“強(qiáng)抑制、強(qiáng)封堵、高防塌性、高潤滑性、低濾失”特點(diǎn)的“二強(qiáng)二高一低”含油聚磺KCl鉆井液體系(表3),基本配方如下:3%~4%的膨潤土+0.1%~0.3%NaOH+0.05%~0.1%KPAM或80A51+2%~3%潤滑劑+3%~5%SMP-1+3%~4%SPNH+2%~3%YL-80+0.5%~0.6%PAC-LV+2%~3%聚合醇+5%~6%柴油+1%~1.5%SP-80(占柴油體積)+3%~5%KC1和適量的加重劑。
該轉(zhuǎn)換用鉆井液體系的組成為:①特殊前置液,配方:油基潤濕反轉(zhuǎn)劑+柴油+氧化瀝青粉,利用油基潤濕反轉(zhuǎn)劑特性,改變巖石表面性質(zhì),變親水表面為憎水表面,阻止水分進(jìn)入地層,防止井壁坍塌。②特殊堵漏漿,通過鉆井液中加入適量無滲透、聚合醇、陽離子乳化瀝青等處理劑來實(shí)現(xiàn)鉆井液的防漏作用。③含油聚磺一KCl鉆井液,具有“二強(qiáng)二高一低”特征。④舉砂液,建立井筒循環(huán)之后清潔井眼所用,通過高密度、高黏度的特點(diǎn)充分?jǐn)y帶井筒巖屑。形成了一套適合塔里木山前礫石層地質(zhì)特征的鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換工藝技術(shù)(圖4),保障安全實(shí)施。
5 應(yīng)用實(shí)例
塔里木山前某構(gòu)造A井設(shè)計(jì)井深7200m,上部沉積巨厚礫石層(厚約5100m),空氣鉆井施工井段為Æ431.8mm井眼2502~3602m井段和Æ333.4mm井眼3602~4652m井段,累計(jì)進(jìn)尺2150m,占設(shè)計(jì)井深29.86%,平均機(jī)械鉆速4.34m/h,鉆井周期僅49d,同比鉆井液鉆井提高鉆速3~5倍,節(jié)省鉆井時(shí)間119d。
5.1 連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用
在Æ431.8mm井眼及Æ333.4mm井眼鉆進(jìn)及通井劃眼全過程采用連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù),連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間累計(jì)達(dá)921h,入井連續(xù)循環(huán)短節(jié)28只,滿足現(xiàn)場施工需求。本井采用連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù),延長了空氣鉆井進(jìn)尺,在Æ333.4mm井眼空氣鉆井期間,從3602m鉆進(jìn)至3740m,井底沉砂達(dá)30m,采用連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù)順利鉆至井深4652m,延長進(jìn)尺912m。
5.2 井斜控制
該井在Æ431.8mm井眼及Æ333.4mm井眼采用“彎短節(jié)+雙扶正器”鉆具組合(表4),井斜控制效果好,最大井斜角僅2.19°(圖5),滿足了鉆井工程要求。
5.3 鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換
本井Æ333.4mm井眼鉆至井深4652m結(jié)束空氣鉆井,起鉆更換“光鉆桿+銑齒”鉆具組合下鉆至套管鞋3592m,依次替入潤濕反轉(zhuǎn)劑31.2m3,特殊堵漏漿60m3,密度1.40g/cm3聚磺-KC1混油鉆井液486.8m3,出口見返,再替入攜砂漿清潔井眼,僅用2d時(shí)間完成鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換作業(yè),未出現(xiàn)井塌、井漏井下復(fù)雜。
6 結(jié)論
1)連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆井技術(shù)避免沉砂卡鉆,延長鉆井進(jìn)尺,提高鉆井時(shí)效,成為塔里木山前構(gòu)造礫石層空氣鉆井重要配套技術(shù)之一。
2)基于鉆具動(dòng)力學(xué)理論研究,提出空氣鉆井動(dòng)力學(xué)防斜技術(shù),優(yōu)選出“彎短節(jié)+雙扶正器”防斜鉆具組合,為山前高陡構(gòu)造空氣鉆井井斜控制提供了一條有效途徑。
3)優(yōu)配了“二強(qiáng)二高一低”的含油聚磺-KCl轉(zhuǎn)換用鉆井液體系,形成了適合山前礫石層地質(zhì)特征的鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換工藝技術(shù),保障鉆井液轉(zhuǎn)換作業(yè)的安全性、高效性。
4)通過在A井空氣鉆井現(xiàn)場試驗(yàn),提高機(jī)械鉆速3~5倍,節(jié)省鉆井時(shí)間119d,井斜滿足工程要求,取得良好應(yīng)用效果。
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本文作者:鄧虎 胥志雄 王懷金 許期聰 鄧柯
作者單位:中國石油川慶鉆探工程公司鉆采工程技術(shù)研究院
中國石油塔里木油田公司
中國石油西南油氣田公司
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