——以鶯歌海盆地為例
摘 要:目前國(guó)內(nèi)外推導(dǎo)的異常高壓氣藏考慮應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)能方程中混淆了有效應(yīng)力與生產(chǎn)壓差的概念。為此,在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)和產(chǎn)能測(cè)試資料的分析,探討了應(yīng)力敏感對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性和氣井產(chǎn)量的影響問(wèn)題,并基于修正的應(yīng)力敏感方程,結(jié)合氣藏滲流特征,重新建立了符合油氣藏地質(zhì)特征的新的二項(xiàng)式氣井產(chǎn)能方程,從理論上闡述了鶯歌海盆地異常高壓氣藏產(chǎn)能特征,并用實(shí)際測(cè)試資料檢驗(yàn)了該方程的實(shí)效性。結(jié)果表明,鶯貔海盆地異常高壓氣藏開發(fā)中不應(yīng)忽視應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng),在同一儲(chǔ)層特征條件下,應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)特征越顯著,開發(fā)過(guò)程中表現(xiàn)出的應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,氣井產(chǎn)能損失就越大。因此,在異常高壓氣藏生產(chǎn)管理中,應(yīng)采取合理的開發(fā)技術(shù)手段和工作制度,防止井筒附近地層壓力迅速下降導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)層滲透能力及氣井產(chǎn)能的下降。所取得的成果、認(rèn)識(shí)可推廣應(yīng)用于其他類似探區(qū)。
關(guān)鍵詞:異常高壓氣藏 應(yīng)力敏感 產(chǎn)能方程 上覆壓力 二項(xiàng)式 推導(dǎo) 鶯歌海盆地
Stress sensitivity features and productivity equations of offshore abnormal high-pressure gas reservoirs:A case study from the Yinggehai Basin
Abstract:At present scholars often mix up the concepts of effective stress and drawdown pressure,especiallv when the stress-sensitive productivity equations for those overpressure gas reservoirs are applied.Based on the previous studies and data analysis on the stress-sensitive experiments and production tests,the effects of stress sensitivity on reservoir physical properties and gas well production are discussed.Furthermore,a new binomial equation of gas well productivity suitable for the geological features of a hydrocarbon reservoir is reformulated on the basis of the amended stress sensitivity equation and the percolation characteristics of a gas reservoir.The new binomial equation theoretically indicates the productivity features of abnormal high Pressure gas reservoirs in the Yinggehai Basin,and its effectiveness is validated through actual test data.The results show that the stress sensitivitv effect shouid never be ignored in the development of abnormal high pressure gas reservoirs in the Yinggehai Basin;the more obvious the stress sensitivity on the same gas reservoir,the greater the stress sensitivity effect during the development and the greater loss in gas well productivity.Therefore,a reasonable working system and development technology means should be implenlented to nlanage the production of abnormal high pressure gas reservoirs and to avoid rapid dropping of formation pressure around the welibore which contributes to the reduction of reservoir permeability and gas well productivity.This study is practical and helpful in other similar reservoir development projects.
Keywords:abnormal high pressure gas reservoir,stress sensitivity,productivity equation,overburden pressure,binomial equation,derivation,Yinggehai Basin
南海西部海域鶯歌海盆地中深層為異常高壓(地層壓力系數(shù)大于1.8)天然氣氣藏,該類氣藏在衰竭式開采過(guò)程中往往表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)[1-5]特征,國(guó)內(nèi)外[1-8]對(duì)該類氣藏的應(yīng)力敏感和產(chǎn)能的研究已有很多,但產(chǎn)能方程的建立中,混淆了有效應(yīng)力與生產(chǎn)壓差的概念。筆者在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)和產(chǎn)能測(cè)試資料分析,探討了應(yīng)力敏感對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性和氣井產(chǎn)量的影響,并基于修正的壓敏方程[9-11],結(jié)合氣藏滲流特征[12-13],推導(dǎo)了考慮應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)的新的二項(xiàng)式氣井產(chǎn)能方程,并對(duì)其產(chǎn)能特征進(jìn)行了分析。
1 應(yīng)力敏感特征
1.1 應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
油氣藏儲(chǔ)層應(yīng)力敏感性是指儲(chǔ)層物性隨有效應(yīng)力的變化而發(fā)生變化的現(xiàn)象,有效應(yīng)力通常定義為上覆地層壓力與地層孔隙壓力之差。因此在實(shí)驗(yàn)中常采用壓敏實(shí)驗(yàn)(定圍壓變內(nèi)壓)和覆壓實(shí)驗(yàn)(定內(nèi)壓變圍壓)來(lái)模擬實(shí)際油氣藏儲(chǔ)層應(yīng)力敏感性。郭平等[14-18]通過(guò)對(duì)兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)比分析,得出兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)所獲得的巖心滲透率的變化規(guī)律是一致的。筆者依此選用鶯歌海某氣田Dl井黃流組的巖心開展覆壓實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如圖l所示,可見中新統(tǒng)黃流組儲(chǔ)層巖心對(duì)應(yīng)力具有強(qiáng)敏感性,當(dāng)有效應(yīng)力小于10MPa時(shí),隨著有效應(yīng)力的增加儲(chǔ)層滲透率出現(xiàn)快速下降,即儲(chǔ)層應(yīng)力敏感性強(qiáng),滲透率傷害指數(shù)大;但隨著有效應(yīng)力的進(jìn)一步增加,儲(chǔ)層滲透率下降幅度出現(xiàn)降低,尤其當(dāng)有效應(yīng)力增大到15MPa后,儲(chǔ)層滲透率隨有效應(yīng)力增加下降幅度將進(jìn)一步減小,儲(chǔ)層應(yīng)力敏感性較弱。
實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,儲(chǔ)層滲透率與有效應(yīng)力具有冪指數(shù)關(guān)系,為了統(tǒng)一應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。朱紹鵬[9]引入相對(duì)有效應(yīng)力概念(sf/sf min),將實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下的應(yīng)力敏感相關(guān)式修正為:
其中 sf=sp圍-p內(nèi)
式中K0為實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下最小有效應(yīng)力時(shí)的滲透率,mD;sf為實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下有效應(yīng)力,MPa;sfmin為實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下最小的有效應(yīng)力,MPa;p圍為實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下圍壓,MPa;p內(nèi)為實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下內(nèi)壓,即流體壓力,MPa;m為應(yīng)力敏感指數(shù),簡(jiǎn)稱壓敏指數(shù),無(wú)量綱。
由圖1獲得鶯歌海盆地黃流組儲(chǔ)層滲透率與相對(duì)有效應(yīng)力實(shí)驗(yàn)關(guān)系為:
1.2 應(yīng)力敏感影響產(chǎn)能實(shí)例
鶯歌海盆地某氣田黃流組主要為臨濱砂壩、臨濱灘砂沉積。砂體的規(guī)模較大,在氣田范圍內(nèi)連片分布,縱向上相互疊置,砂體整體上垂直物源方向呈西北向東南方向展布。整體看目的層儲(chǔ)層表現(xiàn)為中孔低滲的特征。測(cè)試資料表明,該地區(qū)在開發(fā)生產(chǎn)進(jìn)程中隨著地層壓力的下降,地層滲透性將下降,無(wú)阻流量將降低。因此該地區(qū)不能忽視儲(chǔ)層應(yīng)力敏感對(duì)開發(fā)生產(chǎn)的影響。
2 新的二項(xiàng)式產(chǎn)能方程的推導(dǎo)
在平面徑向流情況下,氣體高速非達(dá)西滲流的速度方程[11-13]為:
根據(jù)相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式[8]得:
b=1.437×1010/K1.0527 (4)
刻畫實(shí)際油氣田開發(fā)過(guò)程中滲透率隨地層壓力變化的應(yīng)力敏感方程[9-10](簡(jiǎn)稱壓敏方程)為:
把式(5)代入式(4)得:
以上各式代入式(3)后得:
對(duì)式(6)積分得:
已知井底壓力和邊界壓力為:
p(rw)=pwf (10)
p(re)=pe (11)
把式(10)、(11)代入式(9)后整理得:
m(pe)-m(pwf)=Aqsc+Bq2sc (12)
其中
式中qsc為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下氣井產(chǎn)量,104m3/d;h為氣層射開有效厚度,m;`m為平均地層壓力及溫度下氣體的黏度,mPa·s;`Z為平均地層壓力及溫度下氣體的偏差系數(shù);rsc為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下氣體密度,g/cm3;T為地層溫度,℃;Tsc為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下溫度,℃;psc為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下壓力,MPa;pob為儲(chǔ)層上覆壓力,MPa;pi為儲(chǔ)層原始地層壓力,MPa;pe為儲(chǔ)層目前地層壓力,MPa;p為泄油半徑處地層壓力,MPa;pwf為井底流壓,MPa;r為徑向半徑,m;re為泄油半徑,m;rw為井筒半徑,m。
當(dāng)m=0時(shí),式(12)與常規(guī)二項(xiàng)式產(chǎn)能方程[11-13]相一致。
3 異常高壓氣藏產(chǎn)能特征分析
據(jù)鶯歌海盆地黃流組儲(chǔ)層特征,結(jié)合新推導(dǎo)考慮應(yīng)力敏感的二項(xiàng)式產(chǎn)能方程,對(duì)海上異常高壓氣減產(chǎn)能特征進(jìn)行分析,探討了單個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)氣井產(chǎn)能的影響。
3.1 應(yīng)力敏感指數(shù)對(duì)氣井無(wú)阻流量的影晌
應(yīng)力敏感指數(shù)對(duì)氣井無(wú)阻流量的影響如圖2所示,可見氣井無(wú)阻流量隨應(yīng)力敏感指數(shù)的增大損失將越大。即說(shuō)明實(shí)際應(yīng)力敏感氣藏開發(fā)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,越具有強(qiáng)應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)的氣藏,應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,氣井產(chǎn)能相對(duì)損失就越大。
3.2 地層壓力系數(shù)對(duì)產(chǎn)能的影響
在油氣藏開發(fā)過(guò)中,儲(chǔ)層有效應(yīng)力可表述為上覆地層壓力與孔隙壓力之差,在一定的上覆地層壓力情況下,儲(chǔ)層有效應(yīng)力只與地層壓力有關(guān),儲(chǔ)層有效應(yīng)力將會(huì)隨著地層壓力系數(shù)變化而變化。如圖3所示,在同樣的生產(chǎn)條件下,地層壓力系數(shù)越大的氣藏(即越具有高異常壓力顯著特征的氣藏),開發(fā)過(guò)程中應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)將越嚴(yán)重,單井產(chǎn)能損失越大。
3.3 上覆地層壓力對(duì)產(chǎn)能的影響
隨著上覆地層壓力的不斷增加,孔隙中流體排出,孔隙體積不斷減小。在同一沉積環(huán)境下,壓實(shí)強(qiáng)弱,即上覆地層壓力的改變,將影響儲(chǔ)層物性變化,從而影響產(chǎn)能。
根據(jù)上覆壓力的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式:pob=0.01[h水深+2.3(h中深-h水深)],計(jì)算出不同儲(chǔ)層埋深下的上覆壓力,再結(jié)合式(12)探討上覆壓力對(duì)產(chǎn)能的影響(圖4)。從圖4中可以看出:隨著沉積物埋藏深度增加,上覆壓力增大,應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,氣井產(chǎn)能損失越大。
4 實(shí)例分析
鶯歌海盆地某井對(duì)黃流組進(jìn)行產(chǎn)能測(cè)試,氣藏中部海拔-2179.3m,海域水深119m,地層壓力系數(shù)為2.18,試井解釋滲透率為0.54mD,油層有效厚度為7.5m,地層氣黏度為0.06mPa·s,氣藏溫度136℃,偏差系數(shù)1.206。根據(jù)覆壓實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試結(jié)果分析有效儲(chǔ)層壓敏指數(shù)平均為0.15。
根據(jù)氣藏實(shí)際資料,計(jì)算得上覆地層壓力為61.0MPa,油藏壓力為58.2MPa,結(jié)合筆者推導(dǎo)的公式對(duì)產(chǎn)能進(jìn)行分析,其結(jié)果如圖5所示。從圖5中可看出,該氣藏應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)嚴(yán)重,應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)引起的氣井無(wú)阻流量損失在23%左右。從產(chǎn)能測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)分析,考慮應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)能方程更符合實(shí)際產(chǎn)能測(cè)試。因此對(duì)鶯歌海盆地異常高壓氣藏在產(chǎn)能評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng),綜合分析確定該氣藏單井合理工作制度,盡量減少應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)對(duì)單井產(chǎn)量造成的損失。
5 結(jié)論及認(rèn)識(shí)
1)筆者從室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)及生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)兩方面,論證了海上異常高壓氣藏隨著有效應(yīng)力的變化將影響儲(chǔ)層滲透能力及單井產(chǎn)能。并在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,基于修正應(yīng)力敏感公式,重新推導(dǎo)了反映應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)的二項(xiàng)式產(chǎn)能方程,經(jīng)實(shí)際測(cè)試資料檢驗(yàn)具有實(shí)效性,為類似氣藏的產(chǎn)能求取提供了參考。
2)鶯歌海盆地異常高壓氣藏具有應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng),應(yīng)力敏感指數(shù)越大,應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,單井產(chǎn)能損失相對(duì)越大;開發(fā)過(guò)程中越具有高異常壓力顯著特征的氣藏,應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,單井產(chǎn)能損失相對(duì)越大。
3)儲(chǔ)層壓實(shí)作用對(duì)氣井產(chǎn)能具有一定的影響,隨著沉積物壓實(shí)作用增強(qiáng),應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,氣井產(chǎn)能損失越大。
4)海上異常高壓氣藏生產(chǎn)管理中要重視應(yīng)力敏感效應(yīng),要采取合理的開發(fā)技術(shù)手段和工作制度,防止井筒附近地層壓力迅速下降導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)層滲透能力及氣井產(chǎn)能的下降。
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本文作者:溫偉明 朱紹鵬 李茂
作者單位:中海石油(中國(guó))有限公司湛江分公司
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