摘 要:魯西地區(qū)上古生界煤系烴源巖發(fā)育,為落實其煤成氣的勘探潛力,通過野外剖面細測和鉆井資料分析等手段,確定了該區(qū)烴源巖的類型和分布特征為:上古生界烴源巖主要由煤層、碳質(zhì)泥巖組成,絕大部分地區(qū)烴源巖的有機質(zhì)類型為腐殖型;煤層主要分布于石炭系太原組和二疊系山西組,具有層數(shù)多、單層厚度薄的特點。根據(jù)有機質(zhì)豐度、干酪根組分等指標,結(jié)合構造演化史將各凹陷烴源巖的生烴演化過程劃分為3種類型,在此基礎上,評價了各凹陷烴源巖的生烴能力。結(jié)論認為:①濟寧、巨野凹陷烴巖為印支期一次生烴型,汶上凹陷烴源巖為印支—喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴型,這兩種類型烴源巖的熱演化程度不高,對該區(qū)煤成氣成藏貢獻較??;②黃口、成武、魚臺凹陷烴源巖為印支—燕山期、喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴型,烴源巖在古近紀大面積成熟,生烴潛力最大(魯西區(qū)喜馬拉雅山期生成氣資源量為970.81×108m3,其中黃口、成武、魚臺3個凹陷占據(jù)總資源量的93.6%)。為最有利的勘探目標區(qū)。
關鍵詞:魯西地區(qū) 晚古生代 烴源巖 生烴演化 生烴潛力 干酪根 煤成氣 勘探區(qū)
Hydrocarbon generation potential of the Upper Paleozoic coal measure source rocks in the Luxi area,western Shandong,China
Abstract:The Upper Paleozoic coal measure source rocks are well developed in the Luxi area,western Shandong ,China.In order to determine the exploration potential of coal-derived gas there,we studied the types and their distribution features of the source rocks through outcrop observation and drilling data analysis.In this area,the Upper Paleozoic source rocks are mainly composed of coal beds,carbonaceous mudstones and dark mudstones,and most source rocks have humic-type organic matters.The coal beds are mainly distributed in the Carboniferous Taiyuan and the Permaian Shanxi Formations,and are characterized by a large number of layers and a small thickness of each layer.Three types of hydrocarbon generation processes were recognized in the source rocks in each depression according to the organic abundance,composition with the tectonic evolution history.The hydrocarbon-generation potential of the source rock in each depression was evaluated,from which the following conclusions were drawn.The source rocks in the Jining and Juye depressions belong to the primary hydrocarbon generation type of the Indosinian-Himalayan epoch.Both of them are low in thermal maturity and minor in contribution to coal-derived gas accumulation.The source rocks in H uangkou,Chengwu and Yutai depressions belong to the secondary hydrocarbon generation types of the Indosinian-Yanshanian and Himalayanepochs,and got mature in a large area in the Paleogene Period and have the greatest hydrocarbon generation potential,thus are the most favorable exploration targets.Among the total CBM gas-in-place of 970.81×108m3 generated in the Himalayan epoch in the Luxi area.the resource reserves in the above three depressions account for 93.6%.
Key words:Luxi area,Late Paleozoic,source rock,hydrocarbon generation evolution,hydrocarbon generation potential,kerogen,coal-derived gas,exploration block
魯西地區(qū)是指郯廬斷裂以西、蘭聊斷層以東、渤海灣盆地以南、南華北盆地黃Ll凹陷及以北的廣大區(qū)域。該區(qū)上古生界煤系烴源巖發(fā)育,區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)育多個中、新生代含鹽凹陷(圖1),其中規(guī)模較大的凹陷包括覆蓋于魯西隆起之上的汶上、濟寧、巨野、成武、魚臺凹陷和南華北盆地的黃口凹陷[1]。這些凹陷內(nèi)的古近系鹽膏巖十分發(fā)育,與東濮凹陷文23煤成氣田具有相似的成藏條件[2-9]。
凹陷內(nèi)部及斜坡帶發(fā)育多處低凸起,擁有上古生界上石盒子組的泥巖和煤層、古近系鹽膏巖為區(qū)域性蓋層,上古生界、中生界、古近系發(fā)育多套陸相碎屑巖,可以作為有利儲集層[10-11],可形成有利的生儲蓋組合,繼承性發(fā)育的斷層、區(qū)域不整合可以作為煤成氣運移的通道[12-14]。
進一步研究認為,烴源巖的生烴潛力是制約該區(qū)油氣勘探的主要因素,研究烴源巖的分布、類型、生烴演化過程,評價其生烴潛力對該區(qū)的油氣勘探至關重要。
1 烴源巖類型及分布特征
魯西地區(qū)的主要烴源巖為煤層、暗色泥巖、碳質(zhì)泥巖,縱向上分布于石炭系太原組、二疊系山西組和下石盒子組。其中煤層主要分布于太原組和山西組,具有層數(shù)多、單層厚度薄的特點,平面上總厚度分布介于8~18m,厚度較大的地區(qū)分布在成武、魚臺、巨野凹陷,厚度大于l3m;暗色泥巖主要分布于下石盒子組,厚度介于200~220m,部分分布于石炭系本溪組,厚度多在15~20m;碳質(zhì)泥巖則分布于太原組、下石盒子組,厚度介于25~35m。
區(qū)內(nèi)的煤層、碳質(zhì)泥巖的TOC普遍大于50%,是品質(zhì)最好的氣源巖;而暗色泥巖具有下好上差的特點,深部太原組和山西組的暗色泥巖有機質(zhì)豐度較高(1.5%左右),屬中等好烴源巖,上、下石盒子組暗色泥巖的生烴能力相對較差,多屬于非差烴源巖。通過對干酪根鏡下鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn),暗色泥巖主要含鏡質(zhì)組和惰質(zhì)組,干酪根以腐殖型為主。黃口凹陷的部分干酪根中腐泥組和殼質(zhì)組的總含量大于50%,以偏腐殖混合型一腐殖型為主(表1);煤巖的氫碳原子比均在0.5~1.0,氧碳原子比小于0.1,均為腐殖型干酪根。
2 烴源巖生烴演化過程
白上古生界煤系烴源巖沉積以后,因該區(qū)覆于穩(wěn)定的華北地臺之上,接受的沉積厚度相差不大(2500m左右),各地區(qū)地溫梯度基本相同,煤系烴源巖的R。達到0.5%左右,開始少量生烴。三疊紀末期受印支運動影響,該區(qū)大規(guī)模抬升[12-15],有機質(zhì)演化得到抑制。此后,凹陷區(qū)進入差異演化階段,導致地溫梯度也開始分異:黃口、成武、魚臺等凹陷因接受大規(guī)模的中生界沉積,煤系烴源巖埋深超過3500m,開始二次生烴;此時的汶上、濟寧、巨野等凹陷中生界沉積厚度較薄、埋藏較淺,烴源巖未能滿足液態(tài)烴生烴條件。
白堊紀末期,受燕山運動影響,差異演化進一步加劇:濟寧、巨野等凹陷持續(xù)抬升,直至新近紀才開始接受少量沉積,烴源巖一直未達到液態(tài)烴生烴條件;汶上凹陷古近紀埋深達到5000m,僅局部達到二次生烴條件;黃口、成武、魚臺等凹陷在古近紀劇烈沉降,烴源巖R。超過2.0%,普遍達到成熟—過成熟高熱演化階段(圖2)。
3 不同凹陷烴源巖的生烴能力
根據(jù)凹陷的熱演化歷程,可以將不同凹陷烴源巖劃分為以下3種類型:①濟寧、巨野凹陷為印支期一次生烴型,R。在0.5%左右,基本不具備液態(tài)烴生烴能力;②汶上凹陷為印支喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴型,R。在0.8%o左右,生烴能力較有限;③黃口、成武、魚臺凹陷為印支一燕山期、喜山期二次生烴型,各凹陷沉降中心烴源巖R。超過2.5%,進人大量生烴階段。3種類型中,印支—燕山期、喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴潛力最大,可形成煤成氣有利的勘探目標,印支—喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴次之,印支期一次生烴型最差。使用熱模擬產(chǎn)烴率法對魯西地區(qū)煤成氣資源量為970.81×108m3,其中黃口凹陷為381.48×108m3,成武凹陷為291.15×108m3,魚臺凹陷為235.82×108m3,3個凹陷占總資源量的93.6%,具有較大的勘探潛力。
煤系烴源巖除平面上的差異演化外(圖3),不同歷史階段的生烴量也有巨大的差異。
三疊紀末期烴源巖基本不具備生烴能力,其后的隆升對有機質(zhì)的聚集和保存十分有利;白堊紀末期的燕山運動階段,僅有部分地區(qū)達到生烴條件,生烴量有限;古近紀以后,黃口、成武、魚臺等凹陷開始大量生烴,其上部沉積的巨厚鹽膏巖蓋層對煤成氣的保存十分有利,黃口凹陷商l、黃l井中生界見油氣顯示,表明該類型的凹陷具有良好的煤成氣勘探前景[16-17]。
4 結(jié)論
1)魯西地區(qū)上古生界烴源巖主要由煤層、碳質(zhì)泥巖、暗色泥巖組成,除黃口凹陷部分泥巖的干酪根為偏腐殖混合型一腐殖型外,絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的烴源巖為腐殖型;煤層、碳質(zhì)泥巖的有機質(zhì)豐度較高,是優(yōu)質(zhì)氣源巖,暗色泥巖有機質(zhì)豐度低,生烴能力相對較差。
2)各凹陷烴源巖的熱演化過程有3種類型:濟寧、巨野凹陷為印支期一次生烴型,生烴能力極差,對該區(qū)煤成氣成藏貢獻不大;汶上凹陷為印支一喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴型,但僅局部達到二次生烴條件,生烴潛力有限;黃口、成武、魚臺等凹陷為印支一燕山期、喜馬拉雅山期二次生烴型,烴源巖大面積成熟,生烴潛力最大。
3)煤系烴源巖平面差異演化的同時,不同階段的生烴強度也有明顯差異,三疊紀、白堊紀末期局部成熟,生烴量極為有限;古近紀是最主要的生烴階段,此時大量生烴的黃口、成武、魚臺等凹陷可形成有利的煤成氣勘探目標。
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本文作者:馮陣東 程秀申 王生朗 張繼標 李建國
作者單位:中國石化中原油田勘探開發(fā)科學研究院
中國石化中原油田勘探事業(yè)部
中國石化石油勘探開發(fā)研究院
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